'Personality Notes Essay\r'

'* Personality is the unique and comparatively stable way in which a individual thinks, feels, and behaves. Character is value judgments of a soul’s ethical and incorrupt behavior. Temperament refers to the curiouring characteristics that a psyche is born with. * There be quartette main character theories. The psychodynamic perspective tensenesses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of disposition and biological causes of record differences. The behaviorist perspective is focused on theories of learning and the effect of the environment on behavior.\r\nThe tender-heartedistic perspective focuses on a soul’s life choices and experiences in temperament development. The trait perspective is non concerned with how in-personity forms, much each(prenominal) over the end characteristics of nature. * Freud believed the mind was divided into three move: the preconscious, the conscious and the unconscious. Conscious is where current sensati on exists. Preconscious contains memories, information and events that wizard is substantially aware of. The unconscious is where thoughts, feelings, memories and other information is kept that is not voluntarily or slowly brought into consciousness. The id is the first and most primitive better of the temperament. It is unconscious, pleasure- desire and a clean. The pleasure principle is the principle by which the id functions, immediate satisfaction without get a line for consequences.\r\n* The swelled head is the second part of personality that bangs from a need to deal with reality. It’s loosely conscious, rational and logical. It functions on the reality principle, fit the needs of the id only when negative consequences go forth not result. * The final part of the personality concord to Freud is the superego, which functions as a m verbal center.\r\nIt contains the conscience, which produces pride or guilt depending on how acceptable the behavior is. * Fixat ion is be by Freud as getting stuck in a developmental stage. * Psychosexual stages are the fivesome stages of personality development that Freud train(p) directly to a child’s sexual development. * The first stage is the oral stage in the first stratum of life. The mouth is the erogenous partition off. It is governed by the id. ablactate is the major conflict.\r\n* The second stage is the anal retentive stage from 1-3 years, in which the anus is the erogenous z iodin and toilet training is the major conflict. Children who wax against toilet training are state to grow into an anal expulsive personality: messy, soul-destroying and hostile. Children who refuse to poop are say to grow into an anal retentive personality: neat, fussy, stingy and stubborn. * The third stage is the priapic stage, from 3-6 years, in which the child develops sexual feelings. Freud believed that children au thustic an Oedipus complex during this stage, in which they develop a sexual attractio n to the opposite-sex parent and green-eyed monster of the same-sex parent. Latency is the fourth stage, occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings are repressed in assure for the child to develop in other ways.\r\n* Genital stage is the fifth stage, from puberty to death, in which the child has to come to terms with their sexual feelings. * Psychoanalysis was Freud’s term for the theory of personality and the therapy base on it. * The Neo-Freudians were followers of Freud who developed their birth competing psychodynamic theories. * Carl Gustav Jung disagreed with Freud about the unconscious mind.\r\nHe believed on that head word was a personal unconscious, as Freud described, and a collective unconscious of all memories dual-lane by the human species. Collective human memories are called archetypes. * Alfred Adler also disagreed with Freud about sexual practice being the driving force of personality. He believed that as children, population felt small to much powerful adults and everything after that point was not seeking of pleasure, but seeking of superiority. He also developed a theory that birth order had arousal into personality. Karen Horney didn’t study directly with Freud, but taught his work until she left because of disagreement over penis envy, which she countered with womb envy. She didn’t focus on sexuality, but instead anxiety.\r\nShe utter that children are born with raw material anxiety, which is created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults. Those with slight secure upbringings end up with psych mavenurotic personalities, in which they have maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships. Freud did no experiments and only base his theory off of his experience experiments. He took it as his right to interpret experiences of his clients as fact or fantasy depending on how they fit in his theory.\r\n* According to behaviorists, pers onality is no more than a bushel of habits. Habits are defined as a set of well-learned responses that have become automatic. * fond cognitive learning theorists focus on both the effects of other lot’s behavior and of a person’s own expectancies of learning. In the affectionate cognitive view of Alfred Bandura, behavior is also governed by cognitive processes like anticipating, judging, store and anticipation. * Reciprocal determinism is Bandura’s explanation of how the environment, personal characteristics and behavior itself affect future behaviors. environs includes the physical surroundings, passel who may or may not be front and the potential reinforcement in the setting. Self-efficacy is unmatchable of the most grand variables Bandura speaks of.\r\nIt is the individual’s hope of how effective their efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance. * One valuable pattern of responding is the locus of cook, which is th e tendency for people to assume they either do or do not have control over events they experience in their own lives. Like Bandura, Rotter believed a gang of factors affected behavioral response: expectancy and reinforcement value. Expectancy is a person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will pass off to a reinforcing consequence. The humanistic perspective is the â€Å"third force” in psychology, which focuses on aspects of personality that make people uniquely human.\r\n* Carl Rogers believed that humanness are always striving to adjoin their innate capacities and abilities to become all that their genetical makeup will allow. Striving for fulfillment is called the self-actualization tendency. An important tool for this is self-concept, an image of championself that develops from important interactions with significant people in oneness’s life. Self is awareness of one’s own personal characteristics and level of functioning. Two co mponents of self-concept are real self, which is one’s perception of actual characteristics, traits and abilities, and warning self, the perception of what one should be or would like to be. * Positive regard refers to the warmth, affection, dear and regard that comes from significant others in one’s life. Unconditional autocratic regard has no strings attached. Conditional positive regard depends on what a person is doing.\r\n* A fully functioning person, according to Rogers, is in touch with and trusting the deep, inmost urges and feelings. The trait theories describe characteristics that make up human personality in order to predict future behavior. Traits are consistent, steadfast ways of thinking, feeling or behaving. * Allport was one of the first trait theorists. He and his partner looked through the dictionary, picked words that could be traits, then narrowed it town. He believed traits were wired in to the nervous system to guide behavior. * Raymond Cattel l construct on that and described two types of traits, lift traits and source traits. Surface traits are easily seen by others.\r\nSource traits are more basic and form the curve of personality. introversion is a dimension of personality in which people withdraw from excess stimulation. * The five-factor instance or the Big Five is a model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions. Openness is a willingness to move parvenue things and be open to new experiences. Conscientiousness refers to the thought a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability. Extraversion divides people into introverts (solitary) and extroverts (social).\r\nAgreeableness is the basic emotional demeanor of the person. Neuroticism is the degree of emotional stability or instability. * Mischel has emphasized that there is a trait-situation interaction where the particular circumstances of a situation will influence how a trait is expressed. * Behavioral g enetics is the airfield of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality traits. Several studies have found that the five factor traits have a 50% heritability over several cultures. Interviews cause the trouble of false reports and the halo effect, in which a person’s personality is so good that the interviewer interprets them to be good all around, especially when that is false.\r\n* Projective tests present indistinct visual stimulus to clients and ask them to respond with whatever comes to mind. The Rorscach inkblot test uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli. The Thematic Aperception Test uses 20 black-market and white pictures of people. Projective tests are very subjective, not very reliable or valid. * new(prenominal) tools for assessment are direct note and personality inventory.\r\n'