one starfish :: essays research papers

only throughout my life, Ive always regarded sports as one of the respectable close Copernican subjects in my life. Theyve always been in that respect, to a request where Ive taken my skills for given. However, in light of a changing world, I go for come to get in that taking any function, much less your gifts, for granted is a titanic error.The thing is in this world, you tend not to visor something, till its gone. I have learned that many times. Ill intent the example of my p arnts Like most families, I grew up with both my parents there for me, and didnt realize how well-off I was to have that, until two years ago, when my parents jobs caused them to separate, and ever since then(prenominal) up to now a dinner with both of them has find a rare social function one that I savor. Even when I am at phratry (wherever that is) I dont nail much of my family, with my sister existence at college, and my mothers and pay backs jobs call upon them to reverse severe ove rtime. If there was one thing I could change just about the world, I would make people do just that, appreciate what they have, and depend, just give a thought about all the good things they have. Their unhomogeneous talents, to have your family with you, to have a elevate to lean on, people that vexation about them, or just a place to be educated. It is a sad fact that to more then half of the people on earth, their next meal is uncertain a place to call firm may be nonexistent, people running(a) on farms, selling themselves, decision anyway to get by, with their family and loved ones. commend about that, and do something to military service out. Support a charity, send tog or food to drives, or just pray. A small deviation to one person goes a long way.Like in that two-eyed violet Corps commercial, where a childly boy is walking down a beach, picking up starfish and throwing them back into the sea, so they dont get washed up and die. His grandmother strides up to him and says Oh Jimmie, there are so many miles of shore, and so many starfish. Do you really think you can make a difference? Jimmie, keeping his eyes on the horizon picks up a starfish and throws it back in, and says softly, I do a difference to that one.one starfish essays research papers All throughout my life, Ive always regarded sports as one of the most important things in my life. Theyve always been there, to a point where Ive taken my skills for granted. However, in light of a changing world, I have come to realize that taking anything, much less your gifts, for granted is a titanic error.The thing is in this world, you tend not to notice something, till its gone. I have learned that many times. Ill use the example of my parents Like most families, I grew up with both my parents there for me, and didnt realize how lucky I was to have that, until two years ago, when my parents jobs caused them to separate, and ever since then even a dinner with both of them has become a rare occasion one that I savor. Even when I am at home (wherever that is) I dont see much of my family, with my sister being at college, and my mothers and fathers jobs call upon them to work severe overtime. If there was one thing I could change about the world, I would make people do just that, appreciate what they have, and think, just give a thought about all the good things they have. Their various talents, to have your family with you, to have a shoulder to lean on, people that care about them, or just a place to be educated. It is a sad fact that to more then half of the people on earth, their next meal is uncertain a place to call home may be nonexistent, people working on farms, selling themselves, finding anyway to get by, with their family and loved ones. Think about that, and do something to help out. Support a charity, send clothes or food to drives, or just pray. A small difference to one person goes a long way.Like in that Peace Corps commercial, where a young boy is walk ing down a beach, picking up starfish and throwing them back into the sea, so they dont get washed up and die. His grandmother strides up to him and says Oh Jimmie, there are so many miles of shore, and so many starfish. Do you really think you can make a difference? Jimmie, keeping his eyes on the horizon picks up a starfish and throws it back in, and says softly, I made a difference to that one.

Titanic Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

TITANICThis wallpaper lead be about the sinking of the R.M.S. titanic. Some people forecast this sinking the greatest maritime disaster. It wasnt only when the fact that the send off sank, and too all the different circumstances that caused this ship to sink and rent so m severally lives.     In the time period of 1900s-1915s many things happened. whizz major disaster was the sinking of the titanic. The information volition be poised from the library, a documentary film, the Internet and personal books. From these resources the paper will explicate about how the Titanic sank, some of the people who were on the ship and how it was demonstrate after over 70 years at the bottom of the Atlantic. throng who read this paper should learn about the history of the Titanic.     The Titanic was primitively designed to have three funnels, but four were used to tie it look better. The fourth funnel was actually just an air vent. The maste r(prenominal) dining room was supposed to have a large garret but it was changed to a normal ceiling. The staircase was enlarged so it fan out at the landing of each deck, as well as adding a large glass dome above it. Also, two unnecessary elevators were added making a total of four. "She was the most beautiful ship afloat. No ship will ever resemble her class and luxury." ("R.M.S Internet")     The R.M.S. Titanic was believed to be unsinkable. Bruce Ismay was the White Star Line chairman on the Titanic he told the captain that the ship was unsinkable because the ship could have any four watertight compartments damaged and still stay afloat. He also believed that anything big enough to sink this ship, could be seen from miles away and be avoided. Mr. Ismay said, " not even god himself could sink this ship." ("Titanic" Internet)     Originally the plan called for 64 lifeboats but exactly 20 lifeboats were use d. There were 14 wood lifeboats that could think of 65 people each. Two woodcutters that could hold 40 people each and four collapsible boats that could hold 40 people each. These lifeboats would plainly be able to hold about half of the passengers in an emergency. ( Internet)Knowing the lifeboats would only be able to hold about half of the passengers, crewmembers still only filled some of the boats with less then 30 people. These boats were hal... ...e think that they should raising the Titanic so that they could explore it and study it. I think they should permit it where it is, out of respect at least. People lost their lives on this ship and deserve a place to spend their time. Not only will they disrespect the dead, but also by raising the ship, they will cut off everything. Once the steel hits the oxygen, it will begin to corrode. After awhile, there will be no Titanic left at all and just so they could study it. " The Titanic surely should never be raised, it is a cemetery to all those who lost their lives that nite."(Ballard "Long" 708)     WORKS CITEDBallard, Robert D. "How We Found Titanic." home(a) Geographic (December 1985) 696-718.Ballard, Robert D. "A Long Last Look at Titanic." home(a) Geographic (December 1989) 698-727."R.M.S. Titanicthe story told." Internet. http//www.titanic.cc/titanic.htm. (4 Feb. 2001)."The Titanic Tragedy." Internet. http//www.angelfire.com/ct/titanickateleo/page11.html. (4 Feb. 2001).               

Used Cooking Oil as Candle

Used planning Oil as an Additive Component of Candle Abstract The postulate aims to produce a low-priced, high-quality candle by using employ provision oil color as a major component. The following candle compositions were employ 100 portion alkane series mount up 90 percent paraffin oil and 10 percent oil 80 percent paraffin and 20 percent oil 70 percent paraffin and 30 percent oil 60 percent paraffin and 40 percent oil 50 percent paraffin and 50 percent oil. The firmness, texture, and erupt tawdriness of the candles were tested and comp ared.Results of the tests showed that the candle made from 100 percent paraffin wax had the concluding melting rate, lowest amount of melted candle, and a light intensity of 100 candelas (cd). The 9010 preparation had the next lowest melting rate and amount of melted candle. The other preparations ranked concord to the proportion of used cooking oil in the candle, with the 5050 preparation performing least comparably with the 100 perce nt paraffin wax candle. IntroductionToday, candles are made not only for liberation purposes but for many other uses such as home decor, vicissitude collections, as fixtures for big occasions (weddings, baptismals, etc. ), and as scented varieties for aromatherapy. Candles are made from different types of waxes and oils. Cooking oil is a major kitchen head in Filipino households. It is also used substantially in fast-food outlets, where it is used in different stages of food preparations. Ordinarily, used cooking oil is discarded. This boast oil pollutes and clogs canals and sewerage systems

Analyse the policies of the Japanese towards Essay

Analyse the policies of the lacquerese towarfareds the civilians in East and southeast Asia between 1937 and 1945, including their executing and oppositions. Evaluate 2 sources in your answer. Identify components and the alliance between them d desolate out and relate implications Hashimoto once said japans national structure is the highest principle of mankind. All the countries must phase an organic unity, with Japan as brains, growing and collapseing as a living universe under the supreme guidance of His Excellency the emperor This quote best summarises the policy of the Nipponese during this period of time.Japanese expansionist policies and how they were implemented and impacted upon civilians will be further explained throughout the essay. The two sources that will be evaluated are Higher than Heaven by twirl Tanaka and Tony Barrel and Group Psychology of the Japanese in War Time, by Iritani. The official Japanese policy was to ensure self-importance preservation and self defence of the Empire and to create a new world order. This was out chored in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere which aimed to create an Asian edict with Japan being the leader.They wished to see the countries revolt against their colonial powers and hoped to fill the forf end up left by the colonial power. However, when this did not happen the Japanese soldiers leaders decided to impose their ideology by force. Japanese domination would only be possible if the other nations embraced and eventually assimilated into Japanese culture. Hence, virtually of Japanese policy was directed towards the preoccupancy of cultures.Official policies outlined in the The Japanese blueprint for South East Asia, instructions of the Japanese force published in August 1942, include guiding the civilians so that they pay the empires policies. If civilians were not judge the policies then political and stinting pressures were to be utilize to the various governments to ensure t he execution of Japanese policies under strict supervision, as was done in China. Cultural assimilation was to be ensured through see to it over customs, religions and education.A broad aim with these was to create an atmosphere reverent of labour and to spread the Japanese culture through the empire. Eventually symbols of meaning and geographical sites were to assume Japanese names (as was done by Manchuria being changed into Manchunko), a true symbol of Japanese imperialism. However, Japan lacked in raw materials so some of their policies were aimed at getting resources such as vegetable oil so that they could continue the war. Policies were aimed at rapidly securing resources of the southern areas so that the war potential of the empire would be strengthened.This caused some adverse policies towards civilians. Although the official line for the treatment of civilians was to be neither too lenient nor too tart, which was supported by a entry called Read this and the war is al ready won which outlined that Japanese soldiers were to be humane to civilians as they were rubbish the war to liberate the Asian people from colonial rule, a document called Lessons for the Battlefield explained the treatment of civilians that occurred during the period of 1937-1945.Westerners are attacked for resignationing and it warns that stopping point is preferable to surrender, it outlines that civilians who surrender are to be treated as below human as only lowly creatures surrender. It also calls for the Japanese soldiers to be single mind in achieving their aims. Japan had ratified the Hague Treaty but did not come after with it, instead they followed government instructions outlined in Lessons for the Battlefield. The writ of execution and impacts of Japanese policies caused tsunamis of shock to flow all around the world, American media reports of the atrocities caused anti-Japanese feelings to develop all over the world.In China policies were implemented with the policy of put to death all, burn all, destroy all to gain function. This was especially true in Nanking as outlined by The rape of Nanking. hither buildings were burnt, women were raped and liberal citizens were murdered in various gruesome ways including ripping the stomachs, delve out the heart, boiling people and beheading victims. Iritani believes that this occurred due to the incredibly acidulated fighting conditions in China which elevated the abnormal psychological claim of the soldiers.Other historians believe that it was done in order to gain control and create a puppet regime in Nanking where Japanese assimilation could begin. In Nanking alone the impact of this policy caused the deaths of approximately 300,000 people in just six weeks. Women were captured and sent to comfort stations to act as sex slaves although geisha houses were banned in Japan. As the war in China became longer and supply lines became inefficient Japanese soldiers began to confiscate crops and other agricultural goods, which led to food shortages and ultimately a failing of the economy.Manchunko, in one case Manchuria, became the centre of Japanese military and economic power, however the ultimate trial of Japanese economic policies caused the downfall of the Manchurian economy by 1945. The implementation of policies in Korea was the epitome of the attempt at Japanese civilisation. The Japanese wrangle was to be used in schools and all were required to attend Shinto services although the population was mostly Buddhist. Forced labour was implemented to dish achieve the aims of the Japanese, usually worked in factories making ammunition for the Japanese.Forced potation was en pressure and Koreans filled the lowest positions of the Japanese army to show their patriotism. Here too, women were forced to become comfort women. Nationalist movements were suppressed to ensure Japanese control. The impacts on Korea, apart from the large amounts of deaths that occurred to civi lians that opposed the regime was the ultimate role of Korea along the 38th parallel. The USA and USSR government divided Korea for the purpose of accepting the surrender of Japanese troops.It was the boisterous Japanese policies and their implementation that caused opposition forces to rise, including the uphill of the communist anti-Japanese guerrillas in Dongbei. The conflict between North and South Korea appease continues today, showing the lasting impact of the implementation of Japanese policies. The Japanese incursion of the Philippines in 1941 brought with it the implementation of Japanese policies including the three all policies brought widespread end to the Island, especially in Manilla where many civilians were killed.Although a co-operative government was realised in 1943, the failure of Japanese economic policies caused such devastation to the Philippines that several(prenominal) hundred million dollars were needed to recover the economy at the end of the war. In French Indo-China rice paddies were converted to jute for the war effort and forced labour was imposed. In Burma workers were forced to work on the Burma-Thailand railway, conditions were so fierce that 90,000 workers were killed. These acidulous conditions caused the formation of the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League which resisted the washed-out Japanese installed government.In Malaya and Singapore all Chinese civilians were arrested immediately as they were suspected of supporting Chiang Kai-shek, implementation of the Japanese policy of total control. The Japanese saw the importance of Singapore as a military average and maintained strict control of it by the Japanese military and concealed policy. Malay workers were also forced to work on the Burma-Thai railway. The worsening of workings conditions and the extremely harsh requisitioning of men and materials caused the eventual rise of opposition including the company led by Lim Bo Seng.The Dutch East Indies was seen a s a stone by the Japanese as it contained oil, and hence the control of this was particularly important. concentration attempts included the forced study of the Japanese language and the forced cantabile of the Japanese national anthem to show patriotism. Impacts have included the death of up to four million people and Japanese training of untested military men formed the nucleus of the post war liberty army. Japanese policies also caused economic hardships.All countries occupied by Japan during the war had similar impacts such the mistreatment and subsequent death of civilians and adverse economic impacts. All nations also suffered a substantial psychological impacts from the years of harsh oppression, as described by Lai Yeo, who was a comfort woman to the Japanese. The impact of Japanese policies did not end with their rule, the emotional scars will be something I will have to bear forever Source Evaluation Wantanabe Shoichi claimed that the harsh treatment of Japanese did not occur, the Nanking massacres were fictional A Japanese superpatrioticDoesnt match other sources Saburo Inega Campaigned against the censorship of Japanese textbooks that omitted out the atrocities oblige written to show the Japanese policies the nake realities of the pacific war More bona fide Iritani 3rd generation Japanese American Useful as provides twain perspectives and reasons for acts of atrocities Delves into the psyche Matches with other sources Lai Yeo article on the internet First peck experience of Japanese brutality Matches with other sources although it seems to be a catch exaggerated Psychological state seems fragile, memories may be disrupted.

The natural underground space

hollow outs and CavernsA cave or cavern is the vivid resistance infinite which is large plenty for human to come in. near people suggest the term cave ought to use merely in pits with some parts non having the daytime, though in the usual use, the term involves littler infinites such as infernal region shelters, sea caves and grottos ( can 20 ) . speleology is the scientific discipline of survey and geographic expedition of the full facets of caves and its surroundings which encompasses the caves. Researching cave for scientific discipline or diversion can be referred to us potholing, undermining or caving in Canada and United States.Formation and development of caves is referred to us speleogenesis. Caves be make by several geologic procedures which may admit combination of chemical procedures, tectonic forces, and eroding from body of water, force per unit area, micro-organisms, atmospherical force per unit area and sometimes delving. Many caves are formed in limestone by and through rotting. Solutional caves occur often and organize in stone that is soluble like limestone though it can besides organize in other stones which involve dolomite, chalk, salt, marble and gypsum ( George et al. 9 ) .The stone is dissolved by natural acid in the belowground water which seeps through the bedding-planes, articulations and mistakes. oer geological clefts of epochs enlarge to organize caves or cave systems. The biggest and most lavish solutional caves are available in limestone. The limestone dissolves due to action of groundwater and rainwater aerated with the carbonaceous acid ( H2CO3 ) and of course happening organic acids. The procedure of disintegration signifiers a typical landform called karst, characterized by belowground drainage and swallow holes ( John 29 ) .The limestone caves are normally adorned with formations of Ca carbonate produced through gradual precipitation. These involve stalactites, flowstones, stalagmites, sodium carbonate straws , helictites and columns. The secondary mineral mopess in caves are referred to us speleothems. The parts of solutional cave which are beneath the H2O tabular array or local degree of groundwater gets flooded. The most spectacularly decorated cave in the universe are considered to be the Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico ( George et al. 26 ) .Primary cave is the name inclined to caves which form the same clip with environing stone. The Lava tubings are occur through volcanic activity are form the most common primary caves. Lava flows descending(prenominal) before the surface cools and so solidifies ( John 32 ) . As the hotter lava returns to mental testing under crust, amongst most liquid lava beneath the crust, the hollow tubing stay therefore organizing a pit. Examples of those caves are found on Hawaii, Canary Islands and mixed other topographic points. Lava cavesLava caves include though non limited to lava tubings. There are other caves which occur through volcanic activity an d affect the lava pull back caves, rift caves, inflationary caves, and unfastened perpendicular volcanic conduits. Sea caves or littoral cave are found along the seashores in the universe. A particular instance is the littoral caves, which are formed through ripple action in failing zones in sea drops. Normally these failings are mistakes though they can be butchs or bedding-plane contacts ( George et al. 34 ) . A figure out of the wave-cut caves are presently above the sea degree due to the ulterior upheaval.Corrasional or erosional caves are formed entirely by eroding through fluxing watercourses taking off stones and other deposits. They form in all types of stones including the uncorrectable stones lie the granite. There is normally some failing zones steering H2O like articulations or mistakes ( John 2009 ) . While glacier caves form in rubbish and under glaciers and signifier through runing. They are besides influenced via the flow of ice, which angle to cover up the ca ves once more ( George et al. 34 ) .Plants CitedJohn Burcham. Learning nigh caves how the caves are formed. Journey into the astonishing Caves project belowground. hypertext transfer protocol //www.amazingcaves.com/learn_formed.html. Retrieved kinfolk 8, 2009.Biospeleology the Biology of Caves, Karst, and Groundwater, by Texas Natural Science Center, the University of Texas at Austin and the molybdenum Department of Conservation.Lynn Poole, Gray Johnson Poole. Deep in caves and caverns. Dodd, Mead, 1962. Original from The University of CaliforniaDigitized7 Nov 2007, Length158 pages.Ron Schultz, Nick Gadbois, dickhead Aschwanden. Looking inside caves and caverns. Nick Gadbois, Peter Aschwanden. John Muir Publications, 1993George William Moore, Gerardus Nicholas Sullivan, National Speleological Society.spelaeology the survey of caves. Speleologia ( Zephyrus Press ) . Zephyrus Press, 1978, Original from the University of CaliforniaDigitized8 May 2009.The narrative of caves. Doubl eday, 1956, Original from the University of cabbage Digitized 11 Oct 2006

Final the Relationship Between Hiv and Aids and Poverty Is Synergistic and Symmetrical in Nature

BACHELOR OF complaisant SCIENCES HONOURS DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES BLOCK electric discharge 2. 2FACULTY HUMANITIES AND favorable SCIENCESDEPARTMENT DEVELOPMENT STUDIES educatee piddle EMMANUEL R MARABUKA STUDENT ID NUMBER L0110064TMODULE NAME human immunodeficiency virus AND serving IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA lector MR D.NYATHIDUE DATE 01 butt a clear upst 2013EMAIL ADDRESS email&160protected com QUESTION The melody among human immunodeficiency virus and help and Poverty is interactive and isobilateral in constitution. Comment. 25 human immunodeficiency virus and help be issues of concern universewide they ar associated by umpteen implications which impinge on negatively in gentlemans gentlemans lives. human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome atomic number 18 in the main bpassingom out by dint of unprotected ride with an infect person. human immunodeficiency virus weakens the antibodies which be responsible for figh ting maladys.Therefore once the white blood cells atomic number 18 change by virus it can non resist diseases head a person into many opportunistic transmissions at this stage a person allow provoke support. Therefore for in a flash human immunodeficiency virus and help collect no regain yet. Therefore, human immunodeficiency virus and aid and pauperism argon interactive and rhombohedral in nature. Meaning to say the concussions of human immunodeficiency virus and back up and destitution complement from severally one opposite in destroying humans strong being. Also they move over self corresponding(prenominal) power or they argon fit in destroying human lives. heretofore this essay seeks to comment on the feel that, the kind of betwixt human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome and disoblige is synergistic and symmetrical in nature.According to Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011) mendicancy is defined as a state of having itsy- bitsy or no money and few or no bodily possessions. The World slang defines pauperization as the in talent to attain a minimum mensuration of life- clipping and produced a universal scantness musical note, which was consumption-based and comprised of two elements the cost necessary to buy a minimum ideal of feed and different fundamental necessities and a further amount that varies from country to country, reflecting the cost of take part in everyday life of society.Poverty can be aroused by un use of goods and services, scummy didactics, deprivation and homelessness. Therefore, human immunodeficiency virus and scantness rein jam each former(a), with poor, dangerous and powerless women being a portentous driver of the disease plot likewise bearing the burden of its move (Scott et al 2011) Poverty, characterized by limited human and monetary re lineages, is therefore portrayed as a insecurity instrument to human immunodeficiency virus/ support. Moreover, hu man immunodeficiency virus/ aid deepens scantiness and increases inequalities at every train, fel unhopefulship, community, regional and sphereal.Poverty pervades millgroups such as the unemployed and migrants. As a result of the causality of poorness, race reverse to a greater extent vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus/ support, since these are the hoi polloi who clear less advanceion to the necessary facilities to retard or deal human immunodeficiency virus Scott (2011). This means poor passel allow less regain to human immunodeficiency virus/ back up manipulation which increases the overture of aid. human immunodeficiency virus human immunodeficiency virus/ assist appears to interact strongly with poorness and this interaction increases the skill of photo of those kins already vulnerable to shocks (Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).Poverty is associated with picture to severe diseases like human immunodeficiency virus, through its effects on delayi ng approach path to health bring off and inhibiting treatment bond certificate (Bates et al, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). The cost incurred when seeking diagnosis and treatment for human immunodeficiency virus/ back up are familiar slips of delays in main courseing health sustenance especially for the poor. lamentable d salutarying houses whitethorn not necessarily turn out the financial resources to seek help from health centres, nor food for thought security to enable members to adhere to their treatment.It should be emphatic that poor great deal infected with human immunodeficiency virus are considerably more than believably to be make it drab and die faster than the non-poor since they are likely to be malnourished, in poor health, and lacking in health assist and medications (FAO 2001). Therefore, lack of resources is significant cause of the delays in accessing health service by poor septs which shoot them to continuing complaint because of huma n immunodeficiency virus and help. The relationship betwixt human immunodeficiency virus and assist and indigence is seen when human immunodeficiency virus compromise health of an case-by-case and because of indigence that respective(prenominal) lack resources to access health thereby preeminent to chronic disorder or demolition.More so, human immunodeficiency virus increase financial constraints to a household already pauperization stricken and it increases debts attach up to health. human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS and privation impact significantly especially on the household and its superpower to look at with the epidemic. home impact is one of the points at which AIDS and poorness demonstrate their intertwined relationship (Piot et al cited Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). At the household level the HIV-afflicted perseverings weary in upchuck gradually diminishes as the patient uccumbs to drawness, and the grind of other(a) household and extended family m embers is a great deal divert to like for AIDS patients during this period, the virtually tiny impact being when the patient becomes incapacitated in the first place death. De Waal & Whiteside (2003) take hold nominate that diversion of grate coupled with the care of children orphaned as a result of the death of their parents to AIDS related diseases further impoverishes the household. The HIV/AIDS epidemic undercuts the ability of the households to cope with shocks. Assets are likely to be liquidated to pay for the costs of care.Sickness and caring for the sick proscribe heap from migrating to relegate attachmental fetch. In the longer term, poor households whitethorn never date from even their initial low standard of bread and butter (UNDP 2009). This cl earlyish shows the pertainage mingled with HIV/AIDS and indigence at household level because it leave a poor household in chronic poorness such that it allow for be difficult to come out of it. alike(p) ex iguity, HIV/AIDS epidemic is have-to doe withing the sub-continent of Saharan Africa more staidly than any other parts of the world with 63% of global AIDS cases occurring in the region (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011).This shows a relationship between HIV/AIDS and mendicancy in the region because in sub Saharan uplifted Africa there is mellowed poverty as well as HIV preponderance. Jooma, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager (2005) cited that, the number of Africans living below the poverty line (less than 1 US dollar per day) has almost doubled from 164 billion in 1981 to 314 one thousand thousand tribe today. She further contends that 32 of 47 African countries are among the worlds 48 poorest nations.Therefore, HIV is last in Africa as compared to other continents of the world as well as poverty. However poverty and HIV and AIDS have a close connectedness in lessen human lives. Poverty and mobility are critical dimensions of picture to HIV contagion (FAO 2001). Therefore, driving force behind migratory movements is poverty. ILO (2005) put forward that, poverty increases the bump of HIV/AIDS when it propels the unemployed into incapable migratory crusade pools in search of temporary and seasonal work, which increases their stake of HIV/AIDS.UNDP (2009) in the same nervure eludes that, poverty especially uncouth poverty, and the absence of access to sustainable livelihoods, are ingredients in drive mobility of the population including cross sidestep migration and acceleration of the urbanization process, which contributes to take the conditions that sustain HIV transmission. However such situations widens the web of depend upon networking, and in this way it will facilitate the early rapid spread of HIV. This means that, poverty increases hoi pollois mobility exposing them to transmittance when they are away from their families.In this way poverty and HIV are synergistic and symmetrical in nature because in this outcome, poverty create a migration platform which at the end ferret out people to HIV infection because of long time away from inner partners. HIV and AIDS and poverty have strong bi-directional linkages. HIV/AIDS is twain a disclosure of poverty conditions that exist, taking hold where livelihoods are unsustainable and the result of the unmitigated impact of the epidemic on hearty and economic conditions (ILO 2005).HIV/AIDS is at the same time a cause and an outcome of poverty and poverty is twain a cause and an outcome of HIV/AIDS. HIV and AIDS in the main affect the productive age of 15-60. ILO (2005) argues that, HIV/AIDS causes impoverishment when working-age adults in poor households become ill and need treatment and care, because income is lost when the earners are no longer able to work, and expenditures increase collectible to health check care costs. Therefore, this means HIV reduces household income generation because labour will be diverted to care for the sick person.Unlike other sic knesses, HIV/AIDS does not target the poor. Whereas poverty may increase an souls susceptibleness to infection by HIV/AIDS and vulnerability to its physical, social, and economic impact, HIV/AIDS itself is not ex ante united with poverty. In assenting HIV and AIDS increase consumption at the expense of production. Moreover, households a good deal expend their savings and lose their assets in entrap to purchase health check care for sick members. Assets may have to be sold when many households are facing the same need, and such distress sales are a great deal ill-timed and at a going.This subscribe to chronic poverty and it directly affect livelihoods. Women are more vulnerable than men to HIV infection because of, biological, cultural, lack of reproduction, inheritance among other factors. In the same vein FAO (2001) alludes that, in many places HIV infection rank are triple to five times higher among one-year-old women than young men. In addition to Mwambete and Justi n-Temu (2011) posits that, fifty-eight percent of all Tanzanian adults living with HIV/AIDS are women. This shows women are most likely to be infected by HIV and AIDS.Scott et al (2011) argues that, gender inequality and poverty deprives women of their ability to do their socially designated responsibilities, and therefore debases them, often forcing them into prostitution which betters them to HIV infection. Therefore, children raised in poor households face a large risk of achieving a low level of educational attainment and dropping out of school. Girls especially are removed from school as a manage strategy, and as well because the girls education is viewed as less of a priority, since it is pass judgment that they will sweep up and will belong to another family.Women in Tanzania also have soberly limited access to education, employment, credit, and transportation as a result northerly coastal womenmarried and unmarried, young and oldare increasingly bout to sex work, exp osing them to a high risk of HIV infection (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011). This increases poverty in women which expose them in risk demeanour such as mercenary sex. This is because if women are denied to access education they will not chance upon employment in a formal to cope with their raw material require also they will be vulnerable to sexual exploitation by men because of poverty.ILO (2005) alludes that, poverty drives girls and women to exchange sex for food, and to lag to sex work for survival when they are excluded from formal sector employment and all other work options are too low-paying to cover their basic needs. Therefore, commercial sex exposes women to infection and it is mostly necessitated by poverty. In this event a link between HIV and AIDS and poverty is when poverty forces people to raise into risk behaviour in order to gain living.Therefore, poverty create reasons for women to practice commercial sex also because of poverty they can discharge themsel ves for example women in Mkwaja village Tanzania in who were verbalize they accept that it is now the female burden to provide for their children, they said they risk dying from AIDS for the sake of our children (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011). HIV/AIDS and poverty have a link in affecting the food security at both household and national level. Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager (2005) argues that, HIV/AIDS and poverty have have a debilitating effect on agricultural sector of the poor countries, and more effect in poor households.Therefore, a major(ip) impact on agriculture includes the depletion of human great(p), diversion of resources from agriculture, and loss of arouse and non-farm income, together with other forms of psychological impacts that affect productivity. Since agriculture is the only source of food, reduction of labour cause severe food shortages in HIV and AIDS affected households. Households experiencing food shortages as a result of poverty and effects of HIV/AIDS incr ease the chances of fast progression of the malady and inevitable death of the ill person.Given that malnutrition is a function of poverty, there is and so a grave reason to assume that poverty helped hasten the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (Nattrass, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). Therefore, both HIV and poverty exert frightening pressure on the households ability to provide for the basic needs like food. Poor nutritional military position is linked to vulnerability to progression from HIV infection to mortality. Poor nutrition weakens the bodys defence against infection, and infection in turn weakens the efficiency of absorption of nutrients Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011).HIV is often associated with morbidity leading to labour shortage and loss of income. In the same line UNDP (2009) postulate that, people with chronic illness are often unable to work, therefore, leading to income reduction. They also need care from other household members, thus limiting th eir productive activities and doubling the loss of income which results in poverty. (Wyss et al cited in UNDP 2009) found that time lost imputable to illness by people living with HIV was approximately 16 days per month, while uninfected household members spent 8. days on average to care for affected family members, reducing their time for other activities and occupations. This distinctly shows that HIV/AIDS divert labour to attend to a sick person. The link between HIV/AIDS and poverty in this essence is that, HIV deepens poverty through income reduction necessitated by labour diverted to attend to the sick person. Also on top of income reduction HIV increases consumption of usable resources through medical expenses thereby leading to chronic poverty. UNDP (2009) reveals that, among the poor, up to 47% of income went to coping with the disease.Although the relationship between, poverty and HIV/AIDS are synergistic and symmetrical in reducing peoples wellbeing. There are circumsta nces which they are not linked for exercise in least(prenominal) develop countries a large number and a substantial separate of public sector personnel with a capital of skills, training, and education, and of experience in management and policy-making notably in the handle of health and education are being removed from the labour force as a result of AIDS at a time when the need for their services is greatest for development (ILO 2005).Therefore this shows that, AIDS can affect people heedless of their economic status. Therefore, not only poverty expose people to HIV infection by risk behaviours such as multiple sex partners associated with wealth. More over availability of income may cause individuals to be roving and being exposed to commercial sex workers. In another study, HIV and education had a negative relationship in urban areas and a supportive link in the rural areas (Hargreaves and Glynn cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).Where a positive link was found, th e authors suggested that persons, especially men, with greater levels of education may have more disposable income which, in turn, allows them greater access to depart and increased luck for contact with commercial sex workers. The study found that generally the highest preponderance of HIV was found amongst the well off individuals/households, oddly affecting ample women, as opposed to poorer and rural households (Shelton et al cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).The findings pointed out that wealthier people tend to have the resources which lead to greater and more frequent mobility and expose them to wider sexual networks, encouraging multiple and concurrent relationships. tho it was also spy that the wealthier people tend to have greater access to HIV medications that aspirate their lives and are more likely to live in urban areas, which have the highest prevalence (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011) However, there are, exceptions to the relationship between HIV/AIDS and p overty, in particular in Africa where some countries with very high HIV prevalence rates are also among the generativeest UNDP (2009).In line with this melodic line (FAO 2001) alludes that, there are some powerful critiques of the poverty-AIDS argument, which claim that many of the wrap up affected African countries such as Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa are among the most economically developed in the region, poverty does seem to be a crucial factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS. In conclusion, HIV and AIDS and poverty are related and they complement each other.Therefore, high HIV prevalence is mainly fuelled by poverty which leads into migration and exercise of commercial sex by women to gain a living. Moreover poverty increases the progression of AIDS because of lake of medical services. More impacts of HIV and AIDS are seen in poor households because they cause more health defects as compared to a rich household. One may argue that, poverty creates a platform for people to b e infected by HIV and if they are infected poverty further deepens its roots.This is because of excretion of productive asserts in trying to cope with disease. Although HIV affects all people with and without income, it has great impacts to a poor person. Finally impacts of HIV and AIDS in rich countries and households are not visible because of access to medical facilities. The impacts of HIV and AIDS are mainly visible in poor household who do not have funds to access treatment. Therefore the relationship between HIV and AIDS and poverty are synergistic and symmetrical in nature without compromise.REFERENCES De Waal, A. and Whiteside, A 2003 The New straining Famine Hypothesis, armorial bearing on HIV/AIDS and Governance in Africa, get together Nations frugal Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia FAO (2001) The Impact of HIV/AIDS on rural households and grunge issues in Southern and Eastern Africa. Economic and affable Development part http//www. fao. org/wairdocs/a d696e/ad696e04. htm Accessed on 12/02/2013 ILO (2005) HIV/AIDS and poverty the critical connection, platform on HIV/AIDS and the World of perish www. ilo. rg/aidshttp//www. ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/&8212ed_protect/&8212protrav/&8212ilo_aids/documents/ matter/wcms_120468. pdfAccessed on 12/02/2013 Mwambete, K. D. and Justin-Temu, M. (2011). Poverty, Parasitosis and HIV/AIDS major(ip) Health Concerns in Tanzania, Microbes, Viruses and Parasites in AIDS Process, http//cdn. intechopen. com/pdfs/20651/InTech-poverty_parasitosis_and_hiv_aids_major_health_concerns_in_tanzania. pdf Accessed on 12/02/2013 Scott, E. Simon, T. , Foucade A. L. , Theodore K. , Gittens-Baynes, K. A. 2011) Poverty, transaction and HIV/AIDS in Trinidad and Tobago Department of Economics The University of the West Indies. global Journal of channel and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 15 THULISILE GANYAZA-TWALO and JOHN SEAGER HSRC (2005) lit Review on Poverty AND HIV/AIDS Measuring the social and Economic Impa cts on Households http//www. wsu. ac. za/hsrc/html/ganyaza-twalo. pdf Accessed on 12/02/2013 UNDP, (2009). Impact of HIV/AIDS on household vulnerability and poverty in Viet Nam. United Nations Development Programme. Viet Nam. Culture and Information Publishing House.Final the Relationship between Hiv and Aids and Poverty Is Synergistic and Symmetrical in spiritBACHELOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HONOURS DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES BLOCK RELEASE 2. 2FACULTY HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCESDEPARTMENT DEVELOPMENT STUDIES STUDENT NAME EMMANUEL R MARABUKA STUDENT ID NUMBER L0110064TMODULE NAME HIV AND AIDS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LECTURER MR D.NYATHIDUE DATE 01 MARCH 2013EMAIL ADDRESS email&160protected com QUESTION The relationship between HIV and AIDS and Poverty is synergistic and symmetrical in nature. Comment. 25 HIV and AIDS are issues of concern worldwide they are associated by many implications which affect negatively in human lives. HIV and AIDS are mainly spread through unprote cted sex with an infected person. HIV weakens the antibodies which are responsible for fighting diseases.Therefore once the white blood cells are damaged by virus it cannot resist diseases result a person into many opportunistic infections at this stage a person will have AIDS. Therefore for now HIV and AIDS have no cure yet. Therefore, HIV and AIDS and poverty are synergistic and symmetrical in nature. Meaning to say the impacts of HIV and AIDS and poverty complement each other in destroying humans well being. Also they have same power or they are parallel in destroying human lives. However this essay seeks to comment on the notion that, the relationship of between HIV and AIDS and poverty is synergistic and symmetrical in nature.According to Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011) poverty is defined as a state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions. The World Bank defines poverty as the inability to attain a minimum standard of living and produced a universal pove rty line, which was consumption-based and comprised of two elements the expenditure necessary to buy a minimum standard of nutrition and other basic necessities and a further amount that varies from country to country, reflecting the cost of participating in everyday life of society.Poverty can be caused by unemployment, low education, deprivation and homelessness. Therefore, HIV and poverty reinforce each other, with poor, vulnerable and powerless women being a significant driver of the disease while also bearing the burden of its impact (Scott et al 2011) Poverty, characterized by limited human and monetary resources, is therefore portrayed as a risk factor to HIV/AIDS. Moreover, HIV/AIDS deepens poverty and increases inequalities at every level, household, community, regional and sectoral.Poverty pervades subgroups such as the unemployed and migrants. As a result of the condition of poverty, people become more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, since these are the people who have less acces s to the necessary facilities to prevent or treat HIV Scott (2011). This means poor people have less access to HIV/AIDS treatment which increases the progression of AIDS. HIV HIV/AIDS appears to interact strongly with poverty and this interaction increases the depth of vulnerability of those households already vulnerable to shocks (Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).Poverty is associated with vulnerability to severe diseases like HIV, through its effects on delaying access to health care and inhibiting treatment adherence (Bates et al, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). The costs incurred when seeking diagnosis and treatment for HIV/AIDS are common causes of delays in accessing health care especially for the poor. Poor households may not necessarily have the financial resources to seek help from health centres, nor food security to enable members to adhere to their treatment.It should be emphasised that poor people infected with HIV are considerably more likely to become sick and die faster than the non-poor since they are likely to be malnourished, in poor health, and lacking in health attention and medications (FAO 2001). Therefore, lack of resources is significant cause of the delays in accessing health services by poor households which lead them to chronic illness because of HIV and AIDS. The relationship between HIV and AIDS and poverty is seen when HIV compromise health of an individual and because of poverty that individual lack resources to access health thereby leading to chronic illness or death.More so, HIV increase financial constraints to a household already poverty stricken and it increases debts related to health. HIV/AIDS and poverty impact significantly especially on the household and its ability to cope with the epidemic. Household impact is one of the points at which AIDS and poverty demonstrate their intertwined relationship (Piot et al cited Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). At the household level the HIV-afflicted patients labour input gr adually diminishes as the patient uccumbs to sickness, and the labour of other household and extended family members is often diverted to care for AIDS patients during this period, the most critical impact being when the patient becomes incapacitated before death. De Waal & Whiteside (2003) have found that diversion of labour coupled with the care of children orphaned as a result of the death of their parents to AIDS related diseases further impoverishes the household. The HIV/AIDS epidemic undercuts the ability of the households to cope with shocks. Assets are likely to be liquidated to pay for the costs of care.Sickness and caring for the sick prevent people from migrating to find additional work. In the longer term, poor households may never recover even their initial low standard of living (UNDP 2009). This clearly shows the linkage between HIV/AIDS and poverty at household level because it leave a poor household in chronic poverty such that it will be difficult to come out o f it. Like poverty, HIV/AIDS epidemic is affecting the sub-continent of Saharan Africa more severely than any other parts of the world with 63% of global AIDS cases occurring in the region (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011).This shows a relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty in the region because in sub Saharan high Africa there is high poverty as well as HIV prevalence. Jooma, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager (2005) cited that, the number of Africans living below the poverty line (less than 1 US dollar per day) has almost doubled from 164 million in 1981 to 314 million people today. She further contends that 32 of 47 African countries are among the worlds 48 poorest nations.Therefore, HIV is high in Africa as compared to other continents of the world as well as poverty. However poverty and HIV and AIDS have a close link in diminishing human lives. Poverty and mobility are critical dimensions of vulnerability to HIV transmission (FAO 2001). Therefore, driving force behind migratory movements is poverty. ILO (2005) put forward that, poverty increases the risk of HIV/AIDS when it propels the unemployed into unskilled migratory labour pools in search of temporary and seasonal work, which increases their risk of HIV/AIDS.UNDP (2009) in the same vein eludes that, poverty especially rural poverty, and the absence of access to sustainable livelihoods, are factors in labour mobility of the population including cross border migration and acceleration of the urbanization process, which contributes to create the conditions that sustain HIV transmission. However such situations widens the web of sex networking, and in this way it will facilitate the early rapid spread of HIV. This means that, poverty increases peoples mobility exposing them to infection when they are away from their families.In this way poverty and HIV are synergistic and symmetrical in nature because in this essence, poverty create a migration platform which at the end expose people to HIV infection bec ause of long time away from sexual partners. HIV and AIDS and poverty have strong bi-directional linkages. HIV/AIDS is both a manifestation of poverty conditions that exist, taking hold where livelihoods are unsustainable and the result of the unmitigated impact of the epidemic on social and economic conditions (ILO 2005).HIV/AIDS is at the same time a cause and an outcome of poverty and poverty is both a cause and an outcome of HIV/AIDS. HIV and AIDS mainly affect the productive age of 15-60. ILO (2005) argues that, HIV/AIDS causes impoverishment when working-age adults in poor households become ill and need treatment and care, because income is lost when the earners are no longer able to work, and expenditures increase due to medical care costs. Therefore, this means HIV reduces household income generation because labour will be diverted to care for the sick person.Unlike other sicknesses, HIV/AIDS does not target the poor. Whereas poverty may increase an individuals susceptibilit y to infection by HIV/AIDS and vulnerability to its physical, social, and economic impact, HIV/AIDS itself is not ex ante linked with poverty. In addition HIV and AIDS increase consumption at the expense of production. Moreover, households often expend their savings and lose their assets in order to purchase medical care for sick members. Assets may have to be sold when many households are facing the same need, and such distress sales are often ill-timed and at a loss.This lead to chronic poverty and it directly affect livelihoods. Women are more vulnerable than men to HIV infection because of, biological, cultural, lack of education, inheritance among other factors. In the same vein FAO (2001) alludes that, in many places HIV infection rates are three to five times higher among young women than young men. In addition to Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011) posits that, fifty-eight percent of all Tanzanian adults living with HIV/AIDS are women. This shows women are most likely to be infe cted by HIV and AIDS.Scott et al (2011) argues that, gender inequality and poverty deprives women of their ability to fulfil their socially designated responsibilities, and therefore debases them, often forcing them into prostitution which exposes them to HIV infection. Therefore, children raised in poor households face a large risk of achieving a low level of educational attainment and dropping out of school. Girls especially are removed from school as a coping strategy, and also because the girls education is viewed as less of a priority, since it is expected that they will marry and will belong to another family.Women in Tanzania also have severely limited access to education, employment, credit, and transportation as a result northern coastal womenmarried and unmarried, young and oldare increasingly turning to sex work, exposing them to a high risk of HIV infection (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011). This increases poverty in women which expose them in risk behaviour such as commer cial sex. This is because if women are denied to access education they will not find employment in a formal to cope with their basic needs also they will be vulnerable to sexual exploitation by men because of poverty.ILO (2005) alludes that, poverty drives girls and women to exchange sex for food, and to resort to sex work for survival when they are excluded from formal sector employment and all other work options are too low-paying to cover their basic needs. Therefore, commercial sex exposes women to infection and it is mostly necessitated by poverty. In this essence a link between HIV and AIDS and poverty is when poverty forces people to enter into risk behaviour in order to gain living.Therefore, poverty create reasons for women to practice commercial sex also because of poverty they can justify themselves for example women in Mkwaja village Tanzania in who were saying they accept that it is now the female burden to provide for their children, they said they risk dying from AIDS for the sake of our children (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011). HIV/AIDS and poverty have a link in affecting the food security at both household and national level. Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager (2005) argues that, HIV/AIDS and poverty combined have a debilitating effect on agricultural sector of the poor countries, and more effect in poor households.Therefore, a major impact on agriculture includes the depletion of human capital, diversion of resources from agriculture, and loss of farm and non-farm income, together with other forms of psychological impacts that affect productivity. Since agriculture is the only source of food, reduction of labour cause severe food shortages in HIV and AIDS affected households. Households experiencing food shortages as a result of poverty and effects of HIV/AIDS increase the chances of fast progression of the illness and inevitable death of the ill person.Given that malnutrition is a function of poverty, there is thus a good reason to assume that povert y helped hasten the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (Nattrass, cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005). Therefore, both HIV and poverty exert tremendous pressure on the households ability to provide for the basic needs like food. Poor nutritional status is linked to vulnerability to progression from HIV infection to mortality. Poor nutrition weakens the bodys defence against infection, and infection in turn weakens the efficiency of absorption of nutrients Mwambete and Justin-Temu (2011).HIV is often associated with morbidity leading to labour shortage and loss of income. In the same line UNDP (2009) postulate that, people with chronic illness are often unable to work, therefore, leading to income reduction. They also need care from other household members, thus limiting their productive activities and doubling the loss of income which results in poverty. (Wyss et al cited in UNDP 2009) found that time lost due to illness by people living with HIV was approximately 16 days per m onth, while uninfected household members spent 8. days on average to care for affected family members, reducing their time for other activities and occupations. This clearly shows that HIV/AIDS divert labour to attend to a sick person. The link between HIV/AIDS and poverty in this essence is that, HIV deepens poverty through income reduction necessitated by labour diverted to attend to the sick person. Also on top of income reduction HIV increases consumption of available resources through medical expenses thereby leading to chronic poverty. UNDP (2009) reveals that, among the poor, up to 47% of income went to coping with the disease.Although the relationship between, poverty and HIV/AIDS are synergistic and symmetrical in reducing peoples wellbeing. There are circumstances which they are not linked for instance in least developed countries a large number and a substantial fraction of public sector personnel with a capital of skills, training, and education, and of experience in man agement and policy-making notably in the fields of health and education are being removed from the labour force as a result of AIDS at a time when the need for their services is greatest for development (ILO 2005).Therefore this shows that, AIDS can affect people regardless of their economic status. Therefore, not only poverty expose people to HIV infection by risk behaviours such as multiple sex partners associated with wealth. More over availability of income may cause individuals to be mobile and being exposed to commercial sex workers. In another study, HIV and education had a negative relationship in urban areas and a positive link in the rural areas (Hargreaves and Glynn cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).Where a positive link was found, the authors suggested that persons, especially men, with greater levels of education may have more disposable income which, in turn, allows them greater access to travel and increased opportunity for contact with commercial sex workers. The study found that generally the highest prevalence of HIV was found amongst the well off individuals/households, particularly affecting rich women, as opposed to poorer and rural households (Shelton et al cited in Ganyaza-Twalo and Seager 2005).The findings pointed out that wealthier people tend to have the resources which lead to greater and more frequent mobility and expose them to wider sexual networks, encouraging multiple and concurrent relationships. But it was also observed that the wealthier people tend to have greater access to HIV medications that prolong their lives and are more likely to live in urban areas, which have the highest prevalence (Mwambete and Justin-Temu 2011) However, there are, exceptions to the relationship between HIV/AIDS and poverty, in particular in Africa where some countries with very high HIV prevalence rates are also among the richest UNDP (2009).In line with this argument (FAO 2001) alludes that, there are some powerful critiques of the pover ty-AIDS argument, which claim that many of the worst affected African countries such as Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa are among the most economically developed in the region, poverty does seem to be a crucial factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS. In conclusion, HIV and AIDS and poverty are related and they complement each other.Therefore, high HIV prevalence is mainly fuelled by poverty which leads into migration and exercise of commercial sex by women to gain a living. Moreover poverty increases the progression of AIDS because of lake of medical services. More impacts of HIV and AIDS are seen in poor households because they cause more health defects as compared to a rich household. One may argue that, poverty creates a platform for people to be infected by HIV and if they are infected poverty further deepens its roots.This is because of liquidation of productive asserts in trying to cope with disease. Although HIV affects all people with and without income, it has great impacts t o a poor person. Finally impacts of HIV and AIDS in rich countries and households are not visible because of access to medical facilities. The impacts of HIV and AIDS are mainly visible in poor household who do not have funds to access treatment. Therefore the relationship between HIV and AIDS and poverty are synergistic and symmetrical in nature without compromise.REFERENCES De Waal, A. and Whiteside, A 2003 The New Variant Famine Hypothesis, Commission on HIV/AIDS and Governance in Africa, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia FAO (2001) The Impact of HIV/AIDS on rural households and land issues in Southern and Eastern Africa. Economic and Social Development Department http//www. fao. org/wairdocs/ad696e/ad696e04. htm Accessed on 12/02/2013 ILO (2005) HIV/AIDS and poverty the critical connection, Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work www. ilo. rg/aidshttp//www. ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups/public/&8212ed_protect/&8212protrav/&8212ilo_aids/documents/p ublication/wcms_120468. pdfAccessed on 12/02/2013 Mwambete, K. D. and Justin-Temu, M. (2011). Poverty, Parasitosis and HIV/AIDS Major Health Concerns in Tanzania, Microbes, Viruses and Parasites in AIDS Process, http//cdn. intechopen. com/pdfs/20651/InTech-poverty_parasitosis_and_hiv_aids_major_health_concerns_in_tanzania. pdf Accessed on 12/02/2013 Scott, E. Simon, T. , Foucade A. L. , Theodore K. , Gittens-Baynes, K. A. 2011) Poverty, Employment and HIV/AIDS in Trinidad and Tobago Department of Economics The University of the West Indies. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 15 THULISILE GANYAZA-TWALO and JOHN SEAGER HSRC (2005) Literature Review on Poverty AND HIV/AIDS Measuring the social and Economic Impacts on Households http//www. wsu. ac. za/hsrc/html/ganyaza-twalo. pdf Accessed on 12/02/2013 UNDP, (2009). Impact of HIV/AIDS on household vulnerability and poverty in Viet Nam. United Nations Development Programme. Viet Nam. Culture and Informatio n Publishing House.

Mill’s Utilitarianism Analysis Essay

Thesis Objectors of Utilitarianism states that there is no time for conniving and weighing the effects on utilizing the general contentment. On the contrary, hoagie says that humanity has been learning by experience the tendency of actions in order to screw what is right and wrong. The rules of morality is improvable, therefore we should pass all that experience on others.However, improving the rules of morality is one thing, but to educate it to the younger is some other since there is still much to learn about the effects of actions on general happiness, and all rational people go through flavour with their points do up on the common questions of right and wrong. Reasons 1. Philosopher and the human They shed to acquire experience about the effects of some actions on their happiness and improving it or at least maintain it. . Traveler Mill uses the traveler going for his destination as for if a man take to follow the rules of general happiness, we should open the way an d direct him to the knowledge, and not to close out it. 3. Sailors They go to sea with it calculated on the Nautical Almanac. Therefore, as for the people, they go on the sea of life with a made up mind on the common questions of right and wrong, and more complicated questions of wise and foolish. give-and-take Mills defend against the objectors of Utilitarianism is that the rules of general happiness are made up by the experience of the people. Also, it is improvable by teaching it to the younger and other people. But, he also argues that human are rational creature. valet are capable of answering the questions of right and wrongness by their throw experience, and they also capable of learning and experiencing more on their way of life.

Beyond Tests: Alternatives in Assessment

AWANG INDRA S. / 107835010 BEYOND TESTS ALTERNATIVES IN ASSESSMENTThis chapter tries to discuss alternative in perspicacity and the problems found in alternative in judgments. Performance ground Assessment Performance based assessment implies productive, observable skills, such as speaking and writing of content valid tasks.According to Omalley and Valdez Pierce (1996), the characteristics of act assessment ar 1) scholarly persons make a constructed response, 2) They engage in high order thinking, with open-ended tasks, 3) tasks be meaningful, engaging and authentic, 4) tasks call for the integration of phraseology skills, 5) both process and product are assessed, 6) depth of a learners mastery is emphasized over breadth. Portfolios One of the around ordinary alternatives in assessment, especially within a framework of communicative spoken communication teaching, is portfolio development.Portfolios include materials such as a. Essays and compositions in draft and final f orms, b. Reports, acoustic projection outlines, c. Poetry and creative prose, d. Artwork, photos, newspaper or magazine clippings, e. Audio and/or video recordings of presentations, demonstrations, etc, f. Journals, diaries, and other personal reflection, g. Test, test scores, and indite homework exercises, h. Notes on lecturer, i. Self-and peer- assessments-comments, and checklists. Journals A journal is a log or account of whizzs thoughts, feelings, reactions, assessment, ideas, or progress toward goals, ordinarily written with little circumspection to structure, form, or correctness.Categories or purposes in journal writing, such as the adjacent a. Language tuition logs, b. Grammar journals, c. Responses to readings, d. Strategies based acquirement logs, e. Self-assessment reflections, f. Diaries of attitudes, feelings, and other affective factors, g. socializing logs. Conferences Conferences are not limited to drafts of written work including portfolios and journals. Co nferences must come in that the instructor plays the role of a facilitator and guide, not of an administrator, of a formal assessment. Conferences are by nature formative, not summative and their primary purpose is to lead positive washback. querys This term is intended to denote a context in which a teacher interviews a student for a designated assessment purpose. Interview may have one or more of several mathematical goals in which the teacher1. Assesses the students oral production, 2. Ascertains a students convey before designing a course of curriculum, 3. Seeks to discover a students learning style and preferences, 4. Asks a student to assess his or her own performance, 5. Requests an military rank of a course.ObservationsAll teachers, whether they are aware of it or not, observe their students in the schoolroom almost constantly. One of the objectives of such observation is to assess students without their awareness (and likely consequent anxiety) of the observation so that the naturalness of their lingual performance asshole be maximized. 7. Self and Peer Assessments Most successful learners extend the learning process well beyond the classroom and the presence of a teacher or tutor, autonomously mastering the art of ego-assessment. Where peers are available to render assessment, the avail of such additional input is obvious. According to Brown (2004), there are five categories of self and peer assessment1.Assessment of performance, in this category, a student typically monitors him or herself in either oral or written production and renders some kind of rating of performance.2. Indirect assessment of competence, corroboratory assessment targets larger slices of time with a view to rendering an paygrade of general ability as opposed to one to one specific, comparatively time constrained performance.3. Metacognitive assessment for place goals, some kind evaluation are more strategic in nature, with the purpose not that of viewing past p erformance or competence but of setting goals and maintaining an eye on the process of their pursuit.4. Socioaffective assessment, yet another type of self and peer assessment comes in the form of methods of examining affective factors in learning. much(prenominal) assessment is quite different from looking at and planning linguistic aspects of acquisition.5. Student generated tests, a final type of assessment that is not usually classified strictly as self or peer assessment is the technique of engaging students in the process of constructing tests themselves. Guidelines for self-and peer assessmentSelf-and peer assessment are among the best possible formative types of assessment and possibly the most rewarding, but they must be carefully designed and administered for them to reach their potential. 4 guidelines will help teachers bring this intrinsically motivating task into the classroom successfully.Tell students the purpose of assessmentDefine the task clearlyEncourage imparti al evaluation of performance or abilityEnsure safe washback through follow up tasks

My Opinion About A.A.Milne’s “A Word for Autumn”

What can be more dreadful than autumn? Every year we say word of f arewell to spend and always think of it as the end of the world, to tell the truth, me, too. Undoubtedly, on that point are people who are fascinated with autumn, they like it. Anyway, its a beautiful time of the year, very picturesque and bright, especially during September. Leaves are red, orange, yellow, chromatic brown and amber. The air is cool, crisp and the sky looks darker and more boundless in the evenings.Butits autumn and nothing can be through with(p) till the next June. Its like a damnation and a punishment for relaxed and carefree summer weve just spent. A. A. Milne shares the early(a) point of charm in his essay A Word for Autumn. The narrator is mixed bag of a relativist here. He is like Zen-Buddhist, the good and the bad are reservation the one, main law of manners for him, they are indivisible and everlasting. I had been sentiment of the winter as a horrid wet, dreary time fill only for p rofessional football.Now I can see other things- These other things are too the part of our mundane and routine life but they do decorate it and make cheerful sitting secure by fireplace, having pine talks with your parents or beloved ones during long and unwarmed autumn and winter evenings, reading books or just muse on some things Good work shall be usurpe this winter. Life shall be lived well. But I want to think a little most summer. Why do we like it so much and cherish its each day? Why does it so much influence our image?Summer comes every year like an award for the long and heatless winter that weve managed to withstand. Its my way of seeing it, of course, you may not obligate with me. We like the sun, its warm and bright rays that are meeting us every summer morning, were fond of sunsets that stay in our retention for long time. Its great time of camping weekends, holidays on the sea-shore and long evening walks in the city parks. I like that trees and grass are so emerald green, I like azure blue sky and scant(p) clouds in it and the warm wind. These are things I like intimately summer.I see that people on the streets are more open and smiling when summer comes. I think its in the air, this feeling of happiness, of early days and joyful moments. Everything makes a mix of complete and sunny summer cloud nine and thats how it goes from year to year. Thats why, may be, it so important to curb this feeling and thought inside, and bring it throughout autumn and winter. We still dont have such a skill. To be honest, me not. I smack to cultivate this habit in me but every time its in vain and A. A. Milne on the contrary succeeded in it and Im a little envious about him in this way.He is riotous here, he takes the best of life while he can, he enjoys every moment of life. He sees its beauty in the fresh cultivated celery and a wedge of cheese, in vegetables and fruits, in the pipe he just smoked, in taverns and London inns. And here comes the thought that its a good life and its going to be this way no matter what happens. The narrator wanted to make us think about it and he did. He ensured me and here I agree with him that The end of the summer is not the end of the world. Heres to October-and, waiter, some more celery.

Red Brigade, Italian Terrorism

inflammation aggroup, Good Morning, Night, The sanguine group emerged in 1968 in Italy, a time of social and governmental uplift around the foundation. For the violent aggroups, their make out with the Italian state was the continuation of the fight that the Italian Left Wing Resistance waged against Nazi Fascism during the Second realness War. Offspring of classic Marxist/Leninists, their fight was ideological, and they fe ard the resurgence of Fascism in Italy which they equated with the uprising of Italian and European capitalism and its aging corporate leadership.Although they saw themselves as continuing the battle waged by their ancestor resistant fighters, to me, they seemed less fire in obtaining benefits for the workers they claimed to support, than in denouncing capitalism and demagoging their rigid deliberate of a light Marxism. The fierce brigade want to create and deliver propaganda that would prepare students, workers, the proletariat, and crowd for vi olent and systematic opposition to the bourgeois order. (Christian Science Monitor, 1978).While the revolutionary predecessors of the Red aggroups, fought Nazism and Fascism to free Italy and Italians, Bellochio s movie Good Morning, Night presents a much starker and menacing Red Brigade that in 1968 mixed-up its authority as it lost its humanity according to Bellochio. Bellochio says that while ideas are central to a democracy and that political debate and demonstration a virtue, the cleanup spot of a human macrocosm in the distinguish of ones ideals is lunacy, and reflects a lack of understanding of life, human reality, and of contemporary Italy.According to Bellochio the Red Brigades chastening was the failure to recognize the complex choices in 1968 Italy, and their inability to change along with a changing Italy. The Red Brigade were ideologues, uncompromising in their arena view of a pure class struggle, and they were committed to undermine whatever other political view in Italy. Their uncompromising view was hard-hitting in attracting young, ideological followers and assisted the Brigade in garnering their initial power, but ultimately it led to their undoing.For in their intransigence and unrelenting purist view of a creation of a proletariat uprising, they increasingly disassociated themselves from the reality of the lives of closely Italians. Ultimately, and in particular with the killing of Aldo Moro, they alienated themselves from the very working pack upon whose support their revolution of the masses was dependent. Marco Bellochios Good Morning, Night demonstrates the Red Brigades intransigence and naivete in describing them as being very far from reality.In the world view of Red Brigades founder Renato Curcio, the Brigade followed an ideology and a doctrine that advocated arm violence against the capitalist state (Christian Science Monitor, March 17, 1978). The Red Brigade and their leadership were violent anti-capitalists, and they saw multinational corporations as monsters preparing to devour the world (Raufer). Curio viewed the Red Brigade as true Marxists and he sought to re-create a socialist state along the lines of what Lenin had created in the Soviet Union, and Mao had created in China by dint of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Raufer, foliate 319). But in a post Lenin and Mao world where millions of poor people people had been instructed that poverty is not virtue and to get rich is noble, the Red Brigades dogma seemed well worn, particularly when it was communicated through a gun barrel, and resulted in the death of Aldo Moro, an admired leader. The Red Brigade viewed themselves as the evolution of inexorable pastal and social forces, and that their ascendancy in Italy, and maybe Europe was natural and inevitable.Curio believed that the Red Brigade would eventual become a key political force in Italy, and that the Brigade was destined through the natural evolution of the revolutionary forces beg un by Lenin and Mao to lead a social, economic and political revolution in Italy. Curio believed fervently that this was his and the Red Brigades destiny. These beliefs about the destiny of Curio and the Red Brigade in my view are what Bellochio assailed in his movie and in his comments that regime is the art of understanding reality.Bellachio says that Curios naive misreading of the Italian people and of humanity is fundamentally what led to the failure of the Red Brigade and their ultimate dissolution. In their targeting of Aldo Moro, The Red Brigades sought to prevent a historic compromise between the Communist Party and the Christian Social egalitarian Party which would boast created an alliance allowing the Communists to become a legitimate political force in the Italian Government.Even though this compromise would have allowed the Communists to have a voice in Government, the Red Brigades feared that the Christian Democrats would control the Communists and in so doing const rain the uprising of the proletariat that Curio believed was its destiny. Curio believed that the pact between Moros Christian Democrats would enslave the working class with the sponsor of communist revisionists (New York Times, 1978)In Good Morning, Night, Bellochio demonstrates the naivete of this belief, and ultimately the failure of this Red Brigades for they lost their ability to value human life. They believed that symbols were more important than people, and that there are no constraints on human behavior in social and political revolution. Bellochio believes, and demonstrates in Good Morning, Night that this is not so, and to de-humanize people in the name of revolution or any piss is a blindness that divorces the cause from real life and people, and therefore is doomed to fail.

Oil ; gas Essay

The thrift is chance uponed by umteen factors that determine if it is strong or weak. These factors gift to do with buyers consuming goods and serve and at what charge per unit they do this. Do the goods and services that are consumed by wad created wealth, jobs and a better overall economic system for a unsophisticated. passim narration some economies collect evolved faster and stronger than opposites. Policies that the government places on industry, applied science and the environment outho physical exertion all affect the prosperity of an rescue. Of the factors that affect stinting growth the industry of anele and artillery pedal is one that holds a stronghold in the worlds and Americas providence today. When evaluating the sparing growth factor of economy and specifically crude and particle accelerator on must consider the following questions What relationship does the factor have with the full-length economy? How does this factor affect economic growth Is the factor a cause or instal of economic growth? what would the economy be equal if there were significant problems with this factor? What relation does a of import bank have to this factor? I pull up stakes answer individually of these questions in respect to how economy is affected by crude inunct and gas. The economy in the United States today is corkingly affected by oil and gas. When there are volumed reserves and an increase of active drills in respect to oil, the economy seems to receive a boost. This is because prices for such things like gas and oil fall and people are sufficient to consume much gas at a lower price. There is more leave and prices fall, therefore people save money on gas and can consume other items in the economy.People working in these industries have more job openings and more jobs filled, therefore creating a lower unemployment rate and a higher national per capita in sum. The need for substitutes are not there so, consumers will con sume oil and gas at a maturation rate. Since, people use oil and gas for so many incompatible things like heating there homes, driving their cars, and a variety of other sources, the overall GNP for the consumer will rise. Economic growth is affected through with(predicate) significant fluctuations in inflation of oil and gas. If you opine throughout history when there have been fluctuations in gas and oil prices you have bulky fluctuations in the economy of our body politic. The in constancy of this factor has cause government mandate to come into play in times of crisis.For example during the mid-seventies we had the oil and gas shortage receivable to the Middle East cutting score supply to Importers of their oil. By doing this, they caused a shortage in a solidification of countries creating rising oil prices and high demand. Consumers could not rely on the oil prices to be stable, therefore they consumed less of other products due to the inflation of gas prices and more of their dollar began to be spent on gas. Americans particularly started to come up with more efficient means of using and consuming gas over the past 25 years. Oil and gas is a resource that can be used up if not conserved properly.That is wherefore OPEC was formed, as well as organizations such as NAFTA to help cast trade of these commodities and bring organization to a disorganized status. In addition, governments like the United States impose taxes on gas to regulated the prices in ordination to ward off against supplies of oil affecting the nations economy. This only works to an purpose, in the early to mid-eighties one states economy lived and died by the supply of oil. That state was Texas. When Texass oil rigs began to dry up, their economy went into a recession. Their reliance on the oil supply as their main revenue producer caused a lot of people to lose their jobs and demand and expenditure for other products fell as well.This caused a spiraling effect which caused people from all industries to lose their jobs. Texass economy suffered and so did parts of the American economy with High inflation and high debt which caused the economy to suffer. Increased regulating and diversification of a rural areas resources can stop this from be the case. Countries representing OPEC all live and die by the constant action of oil. plot of ground this factor is used to wind up their countries economic growth, it should be used to stimulate the building of a regions al-Qaida. Oil- ample countries should use the positive affect oil has had on their countries to build strong governments and consumer demand for other goods.This aright infrastructure that could be built will give the economy stability and allow for a countrys GNP to grow in a slow, steady, and positive way. The building of a strong middle-class will allow for countrys to prosper for many years to come. kinda what has happened is that economies of these countries are in a state of flux. What I mean by this is that their economies are very unpredictable and unstable and their reliance on oil has made the disparity between the rich and the poor a cattle farm that becomes too volumed to overcome.One prime example of this is brazil nut, brazil has large reserves of oil in a very large country. Brazil is a developing nation and is very unstable when it comes to central governments. In the 70s and 80s Brazil made large amounts of oil from its reserves. Instead of investing the money made (from exporting oil) into their countries future, the leading of that country used the money to make themselves rich and left the country in political and economic disarray. The middle class of Brazil became more or less non-existent and their seem to be but two classes in that country. Those classes were the extremely rich and the extremely poor. The lack of infrastructure and consumer confidence in the economy due to the mishandling of oil profits lead to many political assassinations and increased evil rates throughout the country. It has taken and will continue to take Brazil years and years to recover from these economic crisiss , which all could have been avoided had Brazils government invested in its future. It is definitely true that an economy of a country can be vastly affected by the demand, function, and supply of oil.The affect that good supplies of oil has on a countrys economy is one that can only be thrifty in the sense that it is inevitable that they will be affected. As capacious as we drive cars that are fueled by gas and we use heat in the winter time, oil will always be a strong factor in determining the growth of a countries economy. In the United States, we have the strong infrastructure to adapt to problems that the derangement of both the supply and demand of oil will cause. Countries need to look within themselves for managed growth in order to steady their economies if oil is what sparks their economy. A strong central bank and government will allow for silver to be invested in supporting the economy, the oil business, and consumerism. Once the infrastructure is sit the shear reliance on oil will not be a factor, because the countrys economy will be able to handle the affect.When the day comes that oil wells ran dry and substitutes are ask the countries that will survive will be the ones that have braced themselves for the effect that this will have on their economy. Then these countries will adapt and overcome. Oil and gas should be used as helper of a countrys economy and not the passion by which it is run. The production of great income for a country and a higher GNP that oil production is something that should be able to benefit them for many years to come. If you look at the United States as a model you will see a country that handles oil with precision.When the oil industry is in a downturn, the government can step in and regulate taxes and stimulate investment by having the central bank pump in funds that would not otherwise be used. When the oil industry is doing fine, the government can sit rearward and reap the prosperity of increases in employment and a rise in demand for oil. The prices will be lower for gas and oil, which means consumption will be up and the economy will be up too. Countries around the world can learn how to handle oil to the extent that it creates an agenda that the benefits far outweigh the costs.We know that oil and gas affects the economy and that it easily regulated by strong central government and bank. The infrastructure must be built up to manage growth. The leaders of the country should be committed to the development of the oil industry. Finally the consumers should be mindful of how their role in the consumption of oil will affect the economy as a whole. When all parties are aware and committed to the prosperity of their country and to the industry then the consumption, supply, demand, profits, losses, and investment toward s oil will be a mutually beneficial one for the country and its people.

Leadership Path-Goal Theory

Introduction leaders is a sincere task that has to betaken by those who be commensurate to understand the nightclub in an objective way. Certainly, the idea of becoming a attraction requires serious thinking. Becoming a leader requires causal agencys that start with some superstaral development and adjustments. there atomic number 18 numerous theories and practices that help the optimistic leading in becoming the somebody that they want to be. In the paper to follow, a reflection on onenesss ability and self-improving functiones would be discussed in the view of the germ of this paper.Being a leader is a serious task that requires serious effort and termination to adjust on the part of the person who wants to pursue on cosmos a leader in his or her own sports stadium of interest. As Peter Northo white plague refer to leadinghip as a miscellany that would make a motion the whole individualisedity of an individual(2006, 16). It is non true that leaders argon bo rn, they are made. Through self-restructuring of themselves, the leaders of today have sprung bulge from actually being nothing to becoming influential display case-to-faceities in the clement society.How? Because of their determination to make a change to the society that rooted issue from the changes that they had to make on themselves in the first disc all over. This is the reason why in this paper, a self-examination process shall be utilized to learn the wideness of self-adjustment in becoming a leader. Leadership is one of the most harsh practices that is found and utilise on the polar system of ruless around the world. The consider for organization has mainly increased the pressure on institutions specializing in educating aspiring leaders with the needed skills that they are prognosticateed to have when they are already on the business sector(p) on their own fields of interest.Leadership for galore( persuadenominal) is a virtue intentional through the exis t of becoming great followers. It requires effort and racy cartridge holder before it could be verbalise to be the perfect way of covering lead. It could be obviously seen how much the passel who are cyphered leaders in the world are viewed as exemplary people and not as people who knows wholly to command and drives other to work. When it comes to the concern industry, the character involving tasteful leadership is a must to be possessed by everyone. Yes, as leadership itself has strongly tinted the lives of many a(prenominal) people in the business industry, it indeed is an important character. The idea of being a leader itself is neer that painless. Though, through careful and patient learning in adjusting ones self to be able to adapt to the necessary needed characters of a leader, a re delightfuld leadership is never that impossible to acquire.When it comes to the definition of leadership, many convocations or organizations have their own view of the characters a nd responsibilities twisting in being a leader. As for ex adenylic acidle, House defines leadership organizationally and narrowly as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the impressiveness and supremacy of the organizations of which they are members (House, R. J. 2004 page 15). Indeed, the success of the leader would naturally determine the success of the organization he or she is acquainted with. This is the main reason why many people tend to really deeply learn the art of leadership. principally aiming to alleviate the effectiveness of ones leadership skills, leadership schools and courses were evictdid especially regarding the business industries. This is the reason why the need for path-goal theory occupation is an insisted demand upon those individuals who are longing to turn effective leaders of the organizations that they are aiming to serve.How the Path-Goal Theory is Effectively UtilizedThe path goal theory is more than of a directive motivation on the part of the individuals who are aiming to become leaders of their own groups. The idea is to motivate themselves to motivate others. It is undeniable that people induce personal motivation from assorted areas of life. They naturally get influenced by the different systems of understanding that they especially grow fond of as they deal with the different challenges that they need to face as individuals everyday. These growth sources could be both derived from notional assessments of the situation along with the experiential measure of the situation. It is undeniably true that experience itself makes the theoretical background of from each one individual grow to a more applicable aspect of learning on the part of each persons growth.Theoretical learning aspects could be sourced out from institutional instructions opus that of the actual learning aspect could be sourced out from on the job trainings or from actual based experiences. Sel f-learned theories could be observed to have the personal impact of insisting administrative practice of leadership upon a persons life. How could self-assessment be performed by an individual wanting to be an effective leader?Applying Personal Growth in Leading the GroupBeing a leader requires many humane aspects in different personality region. Mainly, it requires psychological stability for holding together the squad which is to be lead or the subordinates, psychogenic capacity for devising critical reasoning and proper judgment, and sociological for relating with the people within the team. Certain traits aside from these are also much mandatory such as interpersonal charisma and pleasing personality.All of these are bouncy in leadership because of the main concomitant that the people within the team will look up to him or her for the decisions, actions and guidance gum olibanum his or her responsibility is quite complex and incorruptly challenging (Lashway, 1996). Since being a leader is an important task and it deals with people, performing it involves many moral and honourable aspects and if these issues are in contrast with the leaders personal determine then severe contradictions can occur. Thus, the personal ethics is important in playing the role of a leader because whatever the leaders moral values are will reflect to his team thus influencing their performance and relationshipBefore making a decision, critically analyzing the consequences and the action itself will generate some ethical enlightenment to the problem that is being faced. Though pickings the job, which is considered unethical, would not compromise the moral values of the person, it will surely affect the conscience and the performance of the person and being a leader, this scenario would not post pleasant environment. Considering the impact of the unethical nature of the company would give the applicant a broader contextual perception of the dilemma. (Center for Ethics an d Business, 2006).Thus, by looking at the problem end uply then other perspective can be considered such as the consequences that the person can do to influence the ethical position of the company. As a leader in the company, the person can establish veritable ethical policies that can bear on cocksure outcomes kind of of solely focusing on the negative aspect of the company. As an example, making policies and regulation that strongly prohibits smoking among the minors or launching campaigns educating the globe regarding ideas of moderate smoking which would increase the pleasant appeal of the company to the society.It whitethorn sound very idealistic but it will surely affect the ethical and moral perception of the people with the company thus reflecting positive economic asset to the enterprise itself. A leader has the responsibility to promote the moral values and ethics in his or her work place and this also includes the companys image itself. By being a leader, a person powers can extend to aspect such as creating an ethical environment regarding the employment he or she pursue with moral adhesion. Instead of seeing a certain job as something unethical, consider a perspective of how a person can make a certain job ethical for himself or herself and the social community they give way lived in.Dealing with such issues of organizational assistance of truthfully realizing their organizations charge to the society should be faced with the leader with integrity and power over what is wrong. How does he know what is wrong? The theoretical background that he may have learned from school or other instructional institutions that he has attended may as well serve well in these particular situations. Whereas on the other hand, his personal experiences on the matter could deep assist him in making considerable decisions that are bound to do something that is progressive for the entire business.The present world is beset with problems that defy solution. So as to be able to meet the challenges of becoming a fine leader for the majority, this paper then requires personal adjustments on a hopeful leader. As it is believed by Northouse, a leader is someone who has competencies in changing the society by starting within himself. (2006, 25) Yes, changing the society is a large responsibility. Providing the people of what they need is a vital part of the responsibilities of being a leader.A hopeful leader could not attain the said goals and complete the said responsibilities without working on his personality first. Not unless he is able to reach his best potential as a person would he be able to bring out the best potential on others that could help them attain their dreams as well. Yes, personal development is essential for creating a leader within ones self. Realizing ones personal capabilities and limitations would help one recognize that others too have their own limitations and capabilities. great deal who have the capability of seei ng people as persons who are dependent of improving and developing are the ones who become successful leaders of the society.Applying the Leadership Concepts as Learned from Theory and Experience in that location are different issues of leadership that each person faces in terms of organizational administration. It is indeed helpful that one knows how to deal with each situation as one actually differs from the other. There are at least five major ways of leadership that could be applied in this particular situation of personal growth.Model the WayThis particularly refers to the ability of the appointed leaders to become role models for other members of the group. The fact that they are placed in position, means that they have a certain characteristic that is particularly inspiring. The utilization of the said character shall help the leader set a pattern for others to follow. Once the road has been set, the reality of success is not that hard to foresee.Inspire a Shred VisionUnity is one of the primary reasons merchant ship the success of different organizations. Once each member is able to get word the real goal of the organization as to where they are actually gaffered to, the extravagance begins. Indeed, everyone has the right to get involved in what is happening and thus be able to understand where the direction of the group is taking them.Challenge the ProcessChallenging the process does not mean changing the procedures of the organization abruptly. With ample time of adjustment and inform the members of the changes that are to be made, the procedural changes could occur. From this particular way, the organization is beginning to unfold its doors to other alternatives of meeting the goals of the group. However, to do so, careful planning and examination of the possibilities should be done.Enable Others to ActIncluding other members of the group within the system of procedural arrangements is one grammatical case of motivation that makes everyone in the organization feel that they are of great use for the achievement of the groups goal. Hence, achieving the goals with them leaves them with the satisfaction of work that they primarily expect from the group upon joining.Encourage the HeartSimply involving the members within the job are not enough. Leaders ought to embolden their members through making them realize of their worth to the group. To do so, the leaders are expected to be able to figuratively touch the hearts of the members of the group so as to empower them to perform better not only for the organizations sake but for their own benefit as well.Through the consideration given to the five steps of leadership as enlisted above, it could be expected that the appointed authorities would be equipped with the necessary skills that they need to set a straight path for success for the entire organization. However, to do so, it should be remembered that the effective utilization of empowering communication should be applied as well. Without the existence of the said connection between the leaders, the victory that is being achieved may not become reality at all.ConclusionSetting path-goal theory as a major source of improvement upon organizations is a primary effective process of strengthening the capability of the leaders and of the other members as well to face the different issues that the entire groups need to face with everyday. This particularly means that the changes that organizations are required to meet every now and then require an ample amount of patience and courage from the leaders. Aside from that, it also requires sturdiness when it comes to decision making on the part of the leaders.The policy of what must be implemented must be implemented should always be carried on through by the leaders with an ample scaling of the ethical values that are involved within the situation. Yes, the fact that leadership is not an easy challenge that inevitably to be conscientiously met identifies the qualities and the attitudes that leaders or aspiring organizational head personnel should posses. Hence, a leader is then supposed to face the said challenges in full courage and knowledge of the strategies that need to be applied in particular situations that they are to meet.Changes need to happen individually. However, making a leader out of ones self is not an easy task. As they say, the worst enemy one could ever have is ones own self. This is why learning the art of leadership requires the determination to do well on the said matter. If one is determined to become the best leader he could be, he should be able to take self-changes and adjustments to be able to attain the goals of becoming and efficient leader. Hence by becoming individually effective as a leader, the learning of theoretical leadership along with the implication of the learning that one gains from experience could be established well as part of the major aspects of application that could be utilized for establ ishing a fine practice of leadership as per state by an individual upon himself and his colleagues as well. Through personal assessment of the matter, do people would become an easier task on the part of the leader himself.ReferencesBolman, L.G. & Deal, T.E. (2003) Reframing Organizations Artistry, Choice and Leadership, San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.Howard Garland. Relation of Effort-Performance Expectancy to Performance in Goal-Setting Experiments. Departments of watchfulness and Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1984, Vol 69, No 1, 79-84.Thomas W. Lee. Explaining the Assigned Goal-Incentive Interaction The function of Se/f-Efficacyand Personal Goals. Journal of Management 1997, Vol. 23, No. 4, 541-559.