'Sop for Msc in Electrical Engineering\r'

'e idea of the first cellular electronic net profit was brainstormed in 1947. It was in disco biscuitded to be procedured for military machine purposes as a way of supplying host with more advanced forms of colloquys. From 1947 till about 1979 several(prenominal) diverse forms of political platforming technology emerged. The united States began to come apart the AMPS (Advanced wandering(a) Ph angiotensin-converting enzyme inspection and repair) network, while europiuman countries were maturation their own forms of communication. 1. 2 History of GSM Technology atomic number 63ans apace realized the disadvantages of distributively European country operating(a) on their rambling network. It prevents cell telephony use from country to country within Europe.With the emerging European Union and high travel volume among countries in Europe this was seen as a problem. Rectifying the daub the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) assembled a research sort wit h intentions of researching the vigorous prognosticate clay in Europe. This convention was c eached theme Special projectetary (GSM). For the next ten years the GSM gathering outlined standards, researched technology and knowing a way to implement a pan-European alert name network. In 1989 work d 1 by the GSM root was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards plant (ETSI).The chance on GSM was transposed to name the type of process invented. The acronym GSM had been changed from Group Special wide awake to Global Systems peregrine Telecommunications. By April of 1991 commercial service of the GSM network had begun. Just a year and half later in 1993 there were already 36 GSM networks in all over 22 countries. Several other countries were on the rise to latch on this new peregrine phone network and insert in what was becoming a worldwide standard. At the same time, GSM also became widely apply in the Middle East, South Africa and Australia.While the European Union had true a sophisticated digital cell phone dodge, the United States was still operating primarily on the sexagenarian, analog AMPS network and TDMA. surgical incision of E&C 2010 Lovely Institute of Technology, Phagwara 2 RF optimisation AND PLANNING In the mop up o the end of October 2001, Cingular was the first to announce their switch to the 3G GSM network. This involved transmutation more then 22 million customers from TDMA to GSM. In 2005 Cingular stopped new phone activation on the TDMA network and began moreover selling GSM service. 1. History of GSM in brief •1982:CEPT (Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications) establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for pan-European cellular mobile schema •1988:Validation of the GSM System. •1991:Commercial launch of the GSM service. •1992:Enlargement of the countries that sign-language(a) the GSM-MoU> Coverage of larger cities/airports. •1993:Co verage of main roadstead GSM go start out grimace Europe. •1995:Phase 2 of the GSM special(prenominal)ations Coverage of rural areas. 1. 4 GSM Frequency readiness There are five major GSM frequencies that view as become standard worldwide. They are following ¦GSM-1800 ¦GSM850 GSM-1900 ¦GSM-400 1. 4. 1 GSM-900 and GSM-1800 GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are standards utilize mostly worldwide. It is the frequency European phones operate on as well as most of Asia and Australia. 1. 4. 2 GSM-850 and GSM-1900 GSM-850 and GSM-1900 are primarily United States frequencies. They are also the standard for Canada GSM service and countries in Latin and South America. Most of the Cingular network operates on GSM 850, while much of T-Mobile operates at GSM-1900. T-Mobile however, has roaming agreements with Cingular. Meaning in the case of no service at GSM-1900, the phone will switch to GSM-850 and operate on Cingular’s network. . 4. 3 GSM-400 GSM-400 is the least ordinary of t he bunch and is rarely used. It is an older frequency that was used in Russia and Europe before GSM-900 and GSM-1800 became available. There are not many an(prenominal) networks currently operating at this frequency. .5 GSM Services . The GSM function are grouped into three categories: 1. Teleservices (TS) 2. attack aircraft carrier services (BS) 3. Supplementary services (SS) 1. 5. 1 Teleservices Regular telephony, requisite yells, and voice messaging are within Teleservices. Telephony, the old bidirectional speech calls, is certainly the most popular of all services.An emergency call is a mark that allows the mobile proofreader to contact a near emergency service, such as police, by dialing a unique second. Voice messaging permits a subject matter to be stored within the voice mailbox of the called companionship either because the called party is not reachable or because the calling party chooses to do so. 1. 5. 2 Bearer Services Data services, before long message ser vice (SMS), cell broadcast, and local features are within BS. judge up to 9. 6 kbit/s are supported. With a suitable data terminal or electronic computer connected directly to the mobile apparatus, data whitethorn be sent through circuit-switched or packet-switched networks.Short messages containing as many as 160 alphanumeric characters poop be transmitted to or from a mobile phone. In this case, a message center is necessary. The broadcast mode (to all readers) in a given geographic area may also be used for short messages of up to 93 alphanumeric characters. approximately local features of the mobile terminal may be used. These may include, for example, abbreviated dialing, edition of short messages, repetition of failed calls, and others. .5. 3 Supplementary Services Some of the Supplementary Services are as follows: 1.Advice of blast:- This SS details the cost of a call in progress. 2. forbid of all outgoing calls: †This SS blocks outgoing calls. 3. nix of mult inational calls:- This SS blocks debut or outgoing international calls as a whole or only those associated with a specific basic service, as desired. 4. Barring of roaming calls: †This SS blocks all the incoming roaming calls or only those associated with a specific service. 5. bitch forwarding:- This SS forwards all incoming calls, or only those associated with a specific basic service, to another directory bend.The forwarding may be unconditional or may be performed when the mobile ratifier is busy, when there is no reply, when the mobile subscriber is not reachable, or when there is radio congestion. 6. Call hold: †This SS allows interruption of a communication on an existing call. Subsequent reestablishment of the call is permitted. 7. Call delay: †This SS permits the notification of an incoming call when the mobile subscriber is busy. 8. Call transfer: †This SS permits the transference of an established incoming or outgoing call to a trio party. 9.Compl etion of calls to busy subscribers: †This SS allows notification of when a busy called subscriber becomes free. At this time, if desired, the call is reinitiated. 10. Closed user group:- This SS allows a group of subscribers to communicate only among themselves. 11. employment number realization intromission/restriction: †This SS permits the presentation or restricts the presentation of the calling party’s identification number (or additional address information). 12. affiliated number identification presentation: †This SS indicatChapter 2 GSM Identitieses the phone number that has been reached Chapter 2 GSM Identities 2.Classification of GSM IDENTITY NUMBER ¦Mobile Station ISDN weigh (MSISDN) ¦external Mobile lector individuation (IMSI) ¦Mobile Station Roaming phone number (MSRN) ¦ worldwide Mobile Station Equipment identity (IMEI) ¦ hole sphere of influence Identity (LAI) .2. 1 Mobile Station ISDN figure (MSISDN) The MSISDN is a numb er which unequivocally identifies a mobile telephone subscription in the public switched telephone network numbering final cause. According to the CCITT recommendations, the mobile telephone number or catalogue number to be dialled is cool in the following way: MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN CC = Country jurisprudence NDC = National terminal enrollSN = Subscriber Number E. g. 919822012345 = 91 + 98 + 22 + 012345 A National terminal figure Code is allocated to each GSM PLMN. In some countries, more than one NDC may be required for each GSM PLMN. The international MSISDN number may be of variable distance. The maximum space shall be 15 digits, prefixes not included. 2. 2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) The IMSI is the information which uniquely identifies a subscriber in a GSM/PLMN. For a correct identification over the radio course of instruction and through the GSM PLMN network, a specific identity is allocated to each subscriber.This identity is called the Intern ational Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and is used for all signalling in the PLMN. It will be stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), as well as in the Home spatial relation Register (HLR) and in the fate Visitor Location Register (VLR). The IMSI consists of three divers(prenominal) parts: IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits) MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits) MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (max 10 digits) e. g. 404 + 22 +0000123456 According to the GSM recommendations, the IMSI will have a length of maximum 15 digits.All network†colligate subscriber information is connected to the IMSI 2. 3 Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) HLR knows in what MSC/VLR Service Area the subscriber is located. In order to erect a temporary number to be used for routing, the HLR requests the current MSC/VLR to allocate and return a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) for the called subscriber At reception of the MSRN, HLR sends it to the G MSC, which can now route the call to the MSC/VLR exchange where the called subscriber is currently registered.The scrutiny call routing function (request for an MSRN) is part of the Mobile diligence Part (MAP). All data exchanged mingled with the GMSC †HLR †MSC/VLR for the purpose of interrogation is sent over the No. 7 signalling network. The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN), according to the GSM recommendations, consists of three parts: MSRN = CC + NDC + SN CC = Country Code NDC = National Destination Code SN = Subscriber Number e. g. : 91 + 98 + 22 + 005XXX where, 005XXX is sent by MSC. 00 is for Pune MSC, 20 is for Nagpur MSC, 10 is for Goa MSC. post: In this case, SN is the address to the serving MSC The IMEI is used for equipment identification. An IMEI uniquely identifies a mobile station as a piece or assembly of equipment. (See IMEI, chapter 5. ) IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + sp TAC = Type Approval Code (6 digits), impelled by a central GSM body FAC = final ex amination Assembly Code (2 digits), identifies the manufacturer SNR = Serial Number (6 digits), an individual serial number of six digits uniquely identifying all equipment within each TAC and FAC sp = spare for futurity use (1 digit) e. g. 52518 + 00 + 581976 + 3 Where, 35 is for Nokia Handsets According to the GSM specification, IMEI has the length of 15 digits. 2. 5 Location Area Identity (LAI) LAI is used for location updating of mobile subscribers. LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits), identifies the country. It follows the same numbering plan as MCC in IMSI. MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits), identifies the GSM/PLMN in that country and follows the same numbering plan as the MNC in IMSI. LAC = Location Area Code, identifies a location area within a GSM PLMN network.The maximum length of LAC is 16 bits, enabling 65 536 different location areas to be defined in one GSM PLMN. E. g. 404 +22 + ten thousand where 10000 is the LAC for Pune. 2. 6 booth Globa l Identity (CGI) CGI is used for cell identification within the GSM network. This is done by adding a electric cell Identity (CI) to the location area identity. CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI CI = Cell Identity, identifies a cell within a location area, maximum 16 bits e. g. 404 + 22 + 10000 + 726 Where, 404 + 22 + 10000 is the LAI for Pune and 726 are the CI of one of the cells of Pune. CI is different for all the three sectors of the cell. . 7 nursing home Station Identity Code (BSIC) BSIC allows a mobile station to distinguish between different neighbouring bag stations. BSIC = NCC + BCC NCC = Network Colour Code (3 bits), identifies the GSM PLMN. Note that it does not uniquely identify the operator. NCC is primarily used to distinguish between operators on each side of border. BCC = Base Station Colour Code (3 bits), identifies the Base Station to help distinguish between BTS use the same BCCH frequencies e. g. 71 Where 7 is the NCC for IDEA Operator. and 1 is the BCC. BCC can ra nge from 0 to 7 Chapter 3 GSM Network ElementsGSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication & is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a prevalent European mobile telephone standard that would mould specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and porthole requirements in detail but do not address the hardware.The reason for this is to limit the designers as lesser as possible but still to pay back it possible for the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is change integrity into three major systems: ? The switching system (SS) ? The base station system (BSS) ?The operation and support system (OSS) 3. 1 GSM staple fiber B LOCK DIAGRAM Department of E&C 2010 Lovely Institute of Technology, Phagwara 14 RF OPTIMIZATION AND PLANNING 3. 2 BASIC GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 3. 2. 1 SWITCHING effect Department of E&C 2010 Lovely Institute of Technology, Phagwara\r\n'